Trastornos somatomorfos y rasgos de personalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por lumbalgia crónica en El Salvador / Somatoform Disorders and Personality Traits in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Back Pain in El Salvador

Introducción. El trastorno somatomorfo se caracteriza por la presentación de múltiples síntomas físicos que no pueden ser atribuidos a otra enfermedad física, mental o al uso de sustancias, teniendo como comorbilidad más prevalente a los trastornos de personalidad. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de trastorno somatomorfo, sus características principales y diferentes rasgos de personalidad entre pacientes con lumbalgia crónica. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado con pacientes ingresados en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital General del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la escala Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 y la escala InternationalPersonality Disorder Examination. Las variables cualitativas fueron analizadas a través de frecuencias absolutas. Las variables cuantitativas fueron analizadas a través de medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados en el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sicience, versión 26. Resultados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes, 40 de ellos mujeres, 31 entre los 41 y 60 años. Veintiocho pacientes presentaron ocho o más síntomas, excluyéndose dolor lumbar. Cuarenta y cinco pacientes reportaron sintomatología por más de un año. Cincuenta y tres pacientes presentaron trastorno somatomorfo. Los trastornos de personalidad más frecuentes fueron obsesivo-compulsivos (31), límites (21) y paranoides (21). Conclusión. Los pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico que requieren ingreso hospitalario presentan una alta frecuencia de trastornos somatomorfos, con dolor en piernas o brazos como síntoma principal; además, estos pacientes se caracterizan por presentar en su mayoría rasgos de personalidad obsesivo-compulsivos.

Introduction. The somatoform symptoms disorder is characterized by multiple psychical symptoms that can't be attributed to another physical or mental health diagnosis or drug abuse, having personality disorders as the most common comorbidity. Objective. To determine the frequency of somatoform disorders, it's most important characteristics and different personality traits among patients with chronic back pain. Methodology. Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with patients admitted to the neurosurgery department of the General Hospital of the Salvadoran Social Security Institute. Data collection was carried out using the Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 scale and the International Personality Disorder Examination scale. The qualitative variables were analyzed through absolute frequencies. The quantitative variables were analyzed through measures of central tendency and dispersion. The statistical analyzes were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Results. The study included 60 patients, 40 of them women, 31 between 41 and 60 years old. Twenty-eight patients presented eight or more symptoms, excluding low back pain. Forty-five patients reported symptoms for more than one year. Fifty-three patients presented somatoform disorder. The most frequent personality disorders were obsessive-compulsive (31), borderline (21) and paranoid (21). Conclusion. Patients with chronic lower back pain who require hospital admission have a high frequency of somatoform disorders, with the main symptom being pain in the legs or arms; furthermore, these patients are characterized by mostly presenting obsessive-compulsive personality traits

Brazilian adaptation of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder

Abstract Objective Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious and extremely prevalent mental disorder. Early diagnosis is vital for treatment. However, there are no specific screening instruments validated for Brazilian Portuguese. This study aimed to adapt the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) to the Brazilian context. The MSI-BPD is a self-report instrument based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), that enables fast and reliable assessment of BPD, with measures of sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) similar to the diagnostic interview for the DSM-5 (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V Axis II Disorders [SCID-II]), taken as the gold standard. Methods Two independent translations, a synthesis version, back-translation, and analysis by experts were employed to create the final version of the instrument in Brazilian Portuguese. The translated instrument was administered to 1,702 adults aged 18-59 years to verify evidence of validity relating to content, internal structure, relationship with other variables, and reliability. Results The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that the one-factor structure is adequate. The scale showed satisfactory internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson coefficient [KR-20] of Cronbach's alpha = 0.691) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.802). Logistic regression analysis using the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) (DSM-5) as reference established an ideal cut-off point of eight symptoms, with adequate SN (0.79) and SP (0.75), similar to the original instrument. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.830 (95% confidence interval: 0.802-0.858), with a positive predictive value of 89.2%. Conclusion The Brazilian version of the MSI-BPD has adequate psychometric properties for use as a BPD screening tool by clinicians.

Rasgos antisociales y neuroticismo como predictores de conducta suicida en trastorno límite de la personalidad: un estudio retrospectivo

Introducción: El espectro de la conducta suicida (CS) es nuclear en la clínica y el tratamiento del trastorno límite de personalidad (TLP). Los rasgos patológicos del TLP intervienen como factores de riesgo de CS en confluencia con otras variables clínicas y sociodemográficas asociadas con el TLP. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en evaluar los rasgos de personalidad específicos del TLP que se relacionan con la CS. Métodos: Se realiza un estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo, de una muestra de 134 pacientes con diagnóstico de TLP según los criterios del DSM-5. Se utilizan los cuestionarios de Millon-II, Zuckerman-Kuhlman y Barrat para valorar distintos parámetros de la personalidad. Se realizan comparaciones por variables mediante las pruebas de la x2 y de la t de Student. La asociación entre variables se analiza mediante regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: Se objetivan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la CS y relacionadas y la dimensión neuroticismo-ansiedad en el test de Zuckerman-Kuhlman. Asimismo se relaciona de manera significativa con la subescala fóbica y antisocial del Millon-II. La impulsividad medida con las pruebas de Zuckerman-Kuhlman y Barrat no aparece relacionada con la CS. Conclusiones: Los resultados presentados plantean el papel de los rasgos fóbicos, antisociales y del neuroticismo como posibles rasgos de personalidad del TLP relacionados con la CS. Incluso se propone una importancia mayor que el de la impulsividad dentro de la relación del TLP con la CS. De cara al futuro, estudios longitudinales permitirían aumentar la evidencia científica de los hallazgos presentados. © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier Espafña, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

Introduction: The spectrum of suicidal behaviour (SB) is nuclear in the clinic andmanagement of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The pathological personality traits of BPD intervene as risk factors for SB in confluence with other clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with BPD. The objective of this work is to evaluate the specific personality traits of BPD that are related to SB. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study was carried out on a sample of 134 patients diagnosed with BPD according to DSM-5 criteria. The Millon-II, Zuckerman-Kuhlman and Barrat questionnaires were used to assess different personality parameters. Variable comparisons were made using the test and the Student's t-test. The association between variables was analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between SB and related factors and the neuroticism-anxiety dimension in the Zuckerman-Kuhlman test. It is also significantly related to the phobic and antisocial subscale of the Millon-II. Impulsivity measured with the Zuckerman-Kuhlman and Barrat tests does not appear to be related to SB. Conclusions: The results presented raise the role of phobic, antisocial and neuroticism traits as possible personality traits of BPD related to SB, suggesting an even greater importance within the relationship between BPD and SB than that of impulsivity. Looking to the future, longitudinal studies would increase the scientific evidence for the specified findings. © 2021 Asociacio´n Colombiana de Psiquiatria. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Estruturas de interação no tratamento psicodinâmico de uma paciente com Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline / Estructuras de interacción en el tratamiento psicodinámico de un paciente con Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad / Interaction Structures in the Psychodynamic Therapy of a Patient with Borderline Personality Disorder

Estruturas de interação são padrões repetitivos que ocorrem entre terapeuta e paciente, mesmo que am-bos não sejam conscientes disso. Na pesquisa empíri-ca, elas ajudam a compreender como se estabelece o processo de mudança em psicoterapia. Nesse sentido, esta investigação utilizou 68 sessões de psicoterapia psicanalítica de um caso de uma jovem paciente com Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (tpb) com o objetivo de identificar as estruturas de interação e sua correlação com o tempo de tratamento. Os dados fo-ram gravados em vídeo e posteriormente codificados através do Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (pqs), por duplas de juízes treinados na metodologia Q-Sort. A partir desses dados, foi realizada a análise fatorial do tipo Q de componentes principais que indicou quatro estruturas de interação, sendo fator 1: Colaborativo; fa-tor 2: Resistência; fator 3: Aliança/Ruptura e fator 4: Apoio/Encorajamento. As estruturas indicaram que a interação se voltou para o trabalho de manutenção da interação colaborativa, através de uma posição empá-tica do terapeuta, direcionado para o reconhecimento dos estados internos do paciente. Apesar do trabalho colaborativo, a resistência também surgiu como um padrão repetitivo. O terapeuta se tornou diretivo com intervenções estruturadas e questionando o paciente, desta forma contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de mentalização. Implicações sobre o pro-cesso psicoterápico e indicações para estudos futuros são apresentados com o intuito de contribuir na com-preensão sobre o tratamento de pacientes com tpb em psicoterapia psicodinâmica.

Las estructuras de interacción son patrones repetitivos que ocurren entre el terapeuta y el paciente, incluso si ambos no son conscientes de esto. En la investigación empírica ayudan a comprender cómo se establece el proceso de cambio en psicoterapia. En tal sentido, esta investigación utilizó 68 sesiones de psicoterapia psicoanalítica del caso de un paciente joven con Tras-torno Límite de la Personalidad (tlp) para identificar las estructuras de interacción y su correlación con el momento del tratamiento. Los datos fueron grabados en video y posteriormente codificados utilizando el Q-Set Proceso de Psicoterapia (pqs), por pares de jueces en-trenados en la metodología Q-Sort. Con base en estos datos, se realizó un análisis factorial del tipo Q de componentes principales, el cual indicó cuatro estructuras de interacción, siendo factor 1: Colaborativo; factor 2: Resistencia; factor 3: Alianza/Disrupción y factor 4: Apoyo/Estímulo. Las estructuras indicaron que la interacción se tornó al trabajo de mantener la interacción colaborativa, a través de una posición empática del terapeuta, dirigida al reconocimiento de los estados internos del paciente. A pesar del trabajo colaborativo, la resistencia también surgió como un patrón repetitivo. El terapeuta se volvió directivo con intervenciones estructuradas cuestionando al paciente, contribuyendo así al desarrollo de la capacidad mentalizadora. Se presentan implicaciones en el proceso psicoterapéutico e indicaciones para futuros estudios con el objetivo de contribuir a la comprensión del tratamiento de pacientes con tlp en psicoterapia psicodinámica.

Interaction structures are repetitive patterns of interaction between therapist and patient, even if they are not conscious of it. In empirical research, they help to un-derstand how the process of change in psychotherapy is established. In this sense, the current research used 68 sessions of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in a young patient with Borderline Personality Disorder (bpd) to identify the interaction structures and their correlation with different moments of treatment. The sessions were recorded on video and later encoded through the Psy-chotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) by pairs of judges trained in Q-Sort methodology. A factor analysis of the Q-type of main components was performed based on these data, which indicated four interaction structures. Factor 1: Collaborative; factor 2: Resistance; factor 3: Alliance/Rupture; and factor 4: Support/Encornment. The structures indicated the interaction became a work of maintenance of the collaborative interaction through an empathic position of the therapist, focused on recognizing the patient's internal states. Despite the collaborative work, resistance also appeared as a repetitive pattern. The therapist became more directive with more structured interventions questioning the patient, thus, contributing to the development of the capacity of mentalization. Implications for the psychotherapeutic process and in-dications for future studies are presented to contribute to the comprehension of the treatment of patients with bpd in psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Autolesiones no suicidas y trastorno límite de la personalidad en adolescentes: scoping review

Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia científica respecto de las autolesiones no suicidas y trastorno límite de la personalidad en adolescentes de muestras comunitarias o clínicas en el contexto internacional. Introducción: Las autolesiones no suicidas corresponden a un importante campo de investigación en el espectro de suicidio, no obstante, son diversas las perspectivas para su conceptualización. La literatura señala ampliamente la comorbilidad entre las autolesiones no suicidas y el trastorno límite de la personalidad. Métodos: Scoping review basada en la metodología propuesta por el Joanna Briggs Institute. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Ovid, Science Direct, Proquest, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y Web of Science. La búsqueda fue realizada en fuentes publicadas del 2011 hasta noviembre de 2021 en idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Resultados: La muestra final estuvo conformada por 12 artículos extraídos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se encontraron cuatro categorías: curso longitudinal de las autolesiones no suicidas y trastornos límite de la personalidad en adolescentes, marcadores neuronales-fisiológicos de las autolesiones no suicidas y trastornos límite de la personalidad en adolescentes y riesgos psicosociales asociados a las autolesiones no suicidas y trastornos límite de la personalidad. Conclusiones: Se requieren más estudios interdisciplinares en el campo de las autolesiones no suicidas y trastornos límite de la personalidad en adolescentes. Se evidencia la necesidad de estudiar el curso longitudinal, marcadores neuronales-fisiológicos y riesgos psicosociales para mejorar la especificad de las intervenciones en muestras clínicas.

Objective: To map the scientific evidence regarding non-suicidal self-harm and borderline personality disorder in adolescents from community or clinical samples in the international context. Introduction: Non-suicidal self-harm corresponds to an important field of research in the suicide spectrum; however, there are diverse perspectives for its conceptualization. The literature widely points out the comorbidity between non-suicidal self-harm and borderline personality disorder. Methods: Scoping review based on the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The Ovid, Science Direct, Proquest, Virtual Health Library and Web of Science databases were used. The search was carried out in sources published from 2011 to November 2021 in Spanish, English and Portuguese languages. Results: The final sample consisted of 12 extracted articles that met the inclusion criteria. Four categories were found: longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-harm and borderline personality disorders in adolescents, neuronal-physiological markers of non-suicidal self-harm and borderline personality disorders in adolescents, and psychosocial risks associated with non-suicidal self-harm and borderline disorders. of personality. Conclusions: More interdisciplinary studies are required in the field of non-suicidal self-harm and borderline personality disorders in adolescents. The need to study the longitudinal course, neuronal-physiological markers and psychosocial risks is evident to improve the specificity of interventions in clinical samples.

Trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP), experiencias adversas tempranas y sesgos cognitivos: una revisión sistemática

Introducción: La investigación actual y los artículos rastreados sobre adversidad temprana y sesgos cognitivos en pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) evidencian la relación entre estas variables y la gravedad de los síntomas clínicos de este trastorno. Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente la evidencia de la relación entre adversidad temprana, sesgos cognitivos y agudización de los síntomas del TLP. El vacío investigativo tiene que ver con el tipo específico de adversidad temprana y su relación con el tipo específico de sesgos cognitivos y el curso del TLP de pacientes con este diagnóstico. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y para reportar la evidencia se utilizó la versión 2020 de la declaración Prisma. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science y PsycInfo. En la búsqueda también se incluyeron bases de datos de literatura gris como Google Académico, Open Gray y WorldCat. Resultados: En total se incluyeron en el estudio 13 artículos que satisficieron criterios de originalidad, temática estudiada (adversidad temprana, funcionamiento cognitivo y sintomatología límite) y población indicada (pacientes con diagnóstico de TLP). Conclusiones: Si bien existe evidencia de que la adversidad temprana en general es un factor de riesgo para el TLP, se necesita más investigación para comprender los tipos específicos de adversidad que pueden estar más fuertemente relacionados con el desarrollo del TLP. Si bien algunos estudios han identificado sesgos cognitivos en individuos con TLP, poco se conoce sobre el modo en que estos sesgos se desarrollan y cambian con el tiempo, o según la etapa de exposición del paciente a la adversidad temprana.

Introduction: Current research and articles on early adversity and cognitive biases in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) demonstrate the relationship between these variables and the severity of the clinical symptoms of this disorder. Objective: The aim was to systematically review the evidence of the relationship between early adversity, cognitive biases, and exacerbation of symptoms of borderline personality disorder. The research gap concerns the particular type of early adversity and its relationship with the specific type of cognitive biases and the course of BPD in patients with this diagnosis. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review, and the Prisma statement version 2020 was used to report the evidence. The databases consulted were Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Gray literature databases, such as Google Scholar, Open Gray, and WorldCat, were also included in the search. Results: We included 13 articles in the study that met the criteria for originality, studied theme (early adversity, cognitive functioning, and borderline symptomatology), and target population (patients diagnosed with a personality disorder). Conclusions: We found that while there is evidence that early adversity, in general, is a risk factor for BPD, further research is needed to understand the specific types of adversity that may be more strongly related to the development of BPD. In addition, although some studies have identified cognitive biases in individuals with BPD, little is known about how these biases develop and change over time or according to the stage of the patient's exposure to early adversity.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory process in borderline personality disorder (BPD): a narrative review

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition that affects up to 2.7% of the population and is highly linked to functional impairment and suicide. Despite its severity, there is a lack of knowledge about its pathophysiology. Studies show genetic influence and childhood violence as factors that may contribute to the development of BPD; however, the involvement of neuroinflammation in BPD remains poorly investigated. This article aimed to explore the pathophysiology of BPD according to the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress substances that exacerbate neuronal damage. Few articles have been published on this theme. They show that patients with BPD have a lower level of BDNF and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in peripheral blood, associated with increased plasma levels of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Therefore, more research on the topic is needed, mainly with a pre-clinical and clinical focus.

Cognitive function of patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThe comorbidity rate of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder （BPD） is high， and the cognitive impairment of comorbidity patients is more serious. ObjectiveTo explore the difference of cognitive function between bipolar disorder patients with BPD or not， so as to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment. MethodsUsing simple random sampling， 60 patients with bipolar disorder comorbidity BPD treated in the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from April 2021 to April 2022 were selected as the research group， including 33 patients with bipolar depression and 27 patients with bipolar mania. At the same time， 60 patients with bipolar disorder were randomly selected as the control group， including 35 patients with bipolar depression and 25 patients with bipolar mania. The cognitive function of patients was evaluated by the Chinese version of Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status （RBANS） and the Stroop Color Word Test. ResultsThe immediate memory， visual span， speech function and total score of RBANS in the comorbid group were lower than those in the non-comorbid group， and the differences were statistically significant （t=-2.356， -2.138， -3.306， -2.729， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The single word time， single color time， double word time and double color time in Stroop Color Word Test in comorbid group were longer than those in non-comorbid group， and the differences were statistically significant （t=4.808， 3.341， 5.249， 5.167， P<0.01）. The immediate memory， visual span， speech function and total score in RBANS of bipolar depression patients with comorbid BPD were lower than those of bipolar depression patients without comorbid BPD （t=-2.446， -2.407， -2.231， -2.078， P<0.05）， and the time of single word， single color， double word and double color in Stroop Color Word Test were longer than those of non-comorbid BPD patients （t=-3.652， 3.035， 4.406， 5.016， P<0.01）. The speech function and total score of RBANS in bipolar manic patients in comorbid group were higher than those in non-comorbid group （t=-2.777， -2.347， P<0.05 or 0.01）， and the time of single word， single color， double word and double color in Stroop Color Word Test were longer than those in non-comorbid group （t=3.600， 2.658， 2.943， 4.337， P<0.05 or 0.01）. ConclusionThe cognitive impairment of bipolar disorder patients comorbid with BPD is more severe than that of patients without comorbid with BPD. ［Funded by Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Province in 2022 （number， 20221407）］

Diferencias clínicas del trastorno bipolar y el trastorno límite de la personalidad: a propósito de un caso / Clinical Differences between Bipolar Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Report

RESUMEN La diferencia clínica entre el trastorno bipolar y el trastorno límite de la personalidad siempre ha sido un reto diagnóstico, sobre todo con el trastorno bipolar tipo II, y con los cuadros subumbrales, lo cual abre un sesgo diagnóstico con las consiguientes repercusiones de un tratamiento no adecuado. Ambas afecciones reciben en gran proporción un diagnóstico previo equivocado. En este artículo se hace énfasis en las principales diferencias clínicas entre ambas enfermedades. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con una larga historia de síntomas psiquiátricos que se inició en la infancia, con muchas dificultades en su funcionamiento, que cumplían criterios de ambos trastornos, lo cual apunta a comorbilidad; en el seguimiento respondió favorablemente a los psicofármacos, y su diagnóstico se inclinó hacia el espectro bipolar, por la notable mejoría. Sin embargo, no debe dejarse de lado la comorbilidad por su alta presentación.

ABSTRACT The clinical difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder has always been a diagnostic challenge, especially with type II bipolar disorder and subthreshold symptoms, opening a diagnostic bias with the consequent repercussions of inappropriate treatment. Both pathologies are often misdiagnosed initially. The objective of this article is to emphasise the main clinical differences between the two pathologies. We present the case of a patient with a long history of psychiatric symptoms that started in childhood, with considerable functional impairment, who met the criteria for both disorders, pointing to comorbidity. During follow-up, she responded favourably to psychotropic drugs, pushing the diagnosis towards the bipolar spectrum, due to the notable improvement. However, comorbidity should not be neglected due to its high presentation.

Reações contratransferenciais de psicoterapeutas frente a uma paciente borderline em psicoterapia: um estudo qualitativo / Countertransferential reactions of psychotherapists towards a borderline patient in psychotherapy: a qualitative study

A contratransferência (CT) é um elemento do relacionamento terapêutico que possui valor clínico, especialmente com pacientes com personalidade borderline (PB). Este estudo, qualitativo e exploratório, visou identificar os sentimentos despertados em psicoterapeutas frente a um caso de paciente com PB, buscando compreendê-los em relação às características da paciente ou da sua narrativa, bem como explorar de que forma a CT seria idealmente manejada. Oito psicoterapeutas assistiram ao vídeo de uma sessão real com paciente com PB e, após, responderam a uma entrevista. As transcrições das entrevistas foram analisadas com o método Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR). Os dados organizaram-se em relação às facetas da CT, características da paciente que mobilizam afetos, e manejo da CT. Os resultados sugerem que pacientes com PB tendem a suscitar sentimentos intensos, vinculados a sua história e seu funcionamento em situação observacional, apontando para a viabilidade do método para o estudo empírico da CT. Resultados de estudos como esse podem ser utilizados como guia para jovens terapeutas compreenderem o mundo interno dos seus pacientes. A validação empírica de hipóteses clínicas fortalece a teorização e enriquece a prática psicanalítica.(AU)

Countertransference (CT) is an element of the therapeutic relationship that has clinical value, especially with borderline personality patients (BP). This qualitative and exploratory study aimed to identify the feelings aroused in psychotherapists in the case of a BP patient, seeking to understand them in relation to the patient's characteristics or her narrative, as well as exploring how the CT would be ideally managed. Eight psychotherapists watched the video of a real session with a BP patient and responded to an interview. The interview transcripts were analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) method. The data were organized in relation to the facets of the CT, characteristics of the patient that mobilize affections, and management of the CT. The results suggest that patients with BP tend to elicit intense feelings, linked to their history and functioning, in an observational situation, pointing to the feasibility of the method for the empirical study of CT. Results from studies like this one can be used as a guide for young therapists to understand the inner world of their patients. Empirical validation of clinical hypotheses strengthens theorization and enriches psychoanalytic practice.(AU)

La contratransferencia (CT) es un elemento de la relación terapéutica que tiene valor clínico, especialmente en pacientes con personalidad límite (BP). Este estudio cualitativo y exploratorio tuvo como objetivo identificar los sentimientos que despiertan los psicoterapeutas en el caso de un paciente con BP, buscando comprenderlos en relación con las características de la paciente o su narrativa, así como explorar cómo se manejaría idealmente la CT. Ocho psicoterapeutas vieron el video de una sesión real y luego respondieron a una entrevista. Las transcripciones de las entrevistas se analizaron utilizando el método de Investigación Cualitativa Consensual (CQR). Los datos se organizaron en relación a las facetas del CT, características del paciente que movilizan afectos y manejo de la CT. Los resultados sugieren que los pacientes con BP tienden a provocar sentimientos intensos, ligados a su historia y funcionamiento, en una situación de observación, lo que apunta a la viabilidad del método para el estudio empírico de la CT. Los resultados de estudios como este pueden usarse como una guía para que los terapeutas jóvenes comprendan el mundo interior de sus pacientes. La validación empírica de hipótesis clínicas fortalece la teorización y enriquece la práctica psicoanalítica.(AU)

Does psychological therapy improve the mental health of people with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse disorder? / ¿Mejora la terapia psicológica la salud mental de las personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad y trastorno por abuso de sustancias? Una revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: People with comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance abuse disorder (SUD) show great affectation and poorer treatment outcomes. Objective: The aim was to examine useful psychological treatments for people with co-morbid BPD and SUD. Method: The Cochrane Library, ISOC, Psychodoc, ProQuest Central, Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted using a systematic literature review following PRISMA standards. A 185 articles were obtained, of which 12 were selected taking into account the inclusion criteria. The process was carried out by two independent evaluators and the level of agreement was excellent. Results: there are a variety of therapeutic options that, in general, improve the symptoms associated with BPD but not with SUD. Conclusion: more research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of psychological therapies in these patients.

Resumen Introducción: Las personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) y trastorno por uso y abuso de sustancias (TUS) muestran una gran afectación emocional y peores resultados en el tratamiento psicológico. Objetivo: El objetivo fue examinar los tratamientos psicológicos útiles para las personas con TLP y TUS. Método: Se consultaron las bases de datos Cochrane Library, ISOC, Psychodoc, ProQuest Central, Pubmed, Web of Science y Scopus mediante una revisión bibliográfica sistemática siguiendo las normas PRISMA. Se obtuvieron 185 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 12 teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión. El proceso fue realizado por dos evaluadoras independientes y el nivel de acuerdo fue excelente. Resultados: existe una variedad de opciones terapéuticas que, en general, mejoran los síntomas asociados al TLP pero no al TUS. Conclusión: se necesita más investigación para evaluar la utilidad de las terapias psicológicas en estos pacientes.

Diagnostic Stability of Major Depressive Disorder in hospitalized patients in a University Hospital: a Brief Report

ABSTRACT Introduction: There may be a discordance between diagnoses at admission and discharge of mentally ill patients with major issues regarding their diagnostic stability. The objective of this brief report was to determine the diagnostic stability of major depressive disorder at patients' discharge and if the diagnosis of their hospital admission had been retained. Methodology: This was a pilot, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective observational study. A non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was used. We reviewed the medical records, at admission and discharge, of patients with an initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder, hospitalized in the Department of Psychiatry of the 'Hospital de Clínicas' of the National University of Asunción, Paraguay, during the months of October to December 2020. Results: Fifty-three patients with a diagnosis of major depression on their hospital admission were included in the study (mean age = 35.7 ± 16.5 years). 79.2 % were women, 52.8 % were single, and 37.7 % were from the Central province of Paraguay. The most frequent diagnosis at discharge was borderline personality disorder, in 35.8% of cases. Major depressive disorder was confirmed in 15.1% of cases. No significant relationship was found between any discharge diagnosis and sociodemographic data. Conclusion: The results of this study, although preliminary, described the trajectories of diagnoses in the Psychiatry Department of a University hospital, but confirmatory studies are needed.

RESUMEN Introducción: puede existir una discordancia entre los diagnósticos al ingreso y al alta de los pacientes con enfermedades mentales, con problemas importantes en cuanto a su estabilidad diagnóstica. El objetivo de este breve informe fue determinar la estabilidad diagnóstica del trastorno depresivo mayor al alta de los pacientes y si se había mantenido el diagnóstico de su ingreso hospitalario. Metodología: se trata de un estudio observacional piloto, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas, al ingreso y al alta, de los pacientes con diagnóstico inicial de trastorno depresivo mayor, hospitalizados en el Departamento de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay, durante los meses de octubre a diciembre de 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 53 pacientes con diagnóstico de depresión mayor a su ingreso hospitalario (edad media = 35,7 ± 16,5 años). El 79,2 % eran mujeres, el 52,8 % eran solteros y el 37,7 % eran del Departamento Central del Paraguay. El diagnóstico más frecuente al alta fue el trastorno límite de la personalidad, en el 35,8% de los casos. El trastorno depresivo mayor se confirmó en el 15,1% de los casos. No se encontró relación significativa entre ningún diagnóstico al alta y los datos sociodemográficos. Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio, aunque preliminares, describen las trayectorias de los diagnósticos en el Departamento de Psiquiatría de un hospital universitario, pero son necesarios estudios confirmatorios.

Transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens: uma revisão integrativa / Borderline personality disorder in men: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Apresentar e sistematizar as principais evidências científicas a respeito do transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens (TPB). MÉTODO: Durante o período de abril de 2021, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica acerca da temática em questão, sendo utilizados os descritores indexados no DeCS: Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline; Transtorno da Personalidade Limítrofe; Masculino; Fatores Desencadeantes; Cognição; Neurobiologia; Comportamento Social. Para realizar a pesquisa, os descritores foram combinados nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e EBCS nos sites de Busca Pubmed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde ­ BVS. RESULTADOS: Foi possível identificar algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas em homens com TPB. Dentre as alterações comportamentais, a mais prevalente foi a agressão (37,5% dos artigos). Do mesmo modo, a alteração de humor mais encontrada foi a desregulação emocional (12,5% dos artigos), muito comum em pacientes com TPB; igualmente, as alterações a nível neuropsicológico com maior quantidade de achados envolvem alterações na região da amígdala (20,83% dos artigos), córtex (16,66% dos artigos), bem como o hipocampo (16,66% dos artigos), regiões essenciais para o controle do humor e tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível concluir que existem algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas que são mais prevalentes no gênero masculino, sobretudo aquelas que envolvem agressão, raiva e seus fatores neuropsicológicos associados. Dito isso, considera-se que a sistematização dessas informações contribui na identificação e controle dos casos de TPB em homens, assim como colabora para o desenvolvimento científico do campo da psicopatologia em relação aos processos que envolvem tal patologia.

OBJECTIVE: To present and systematize the main scientific evidence regarding borderline personality disorder (BPD) in men. METHOD: During April 2021, there was an integrative review of the scientific literature on the subject in question, using the descriptors indexed in the DeCS: Borderline Personality Disorder; Male; Precipitating Factors; Cognition; Neurobiology; Social Behavior. To perform a search, the descriptors were combined in the Medline, Lilacs, and EBCS databases on the search site Pubmed and the Virtual Health Library ­ VHL. RESULTS: It was possible to identify some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes in men with BPD. Among behavioral changes, the most prevalent is aggression (37.5% of articles). Likewise, the mood alteration most commonly found was emotional dysregulation (12.5% of the articles), very common in patients with BPD; similarly, the neuropsychological alterations with the highest number of findings involve alterations in the amygdala region (20.83% of the articles), cortex (16.66% of the articles), and the hippocampus (16.66% of the articles), essential regions for mood control and decision making. CONCLUSION: It was possible to conclude that there are some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes that are more prevalent in males, especially those that involve aggression, anger, and their associated neuropsychological factors. That said, it is considered that the systematization of this information contributes to the identification and control of cases of BPD in men and contributes to the scientific development of the field of psychopathology concerning the processes involving such pathology.

Antisocial and borderline Personality disorder, violent behavior and covid-19

The combination of severe personality disorders and violence poses a challenge for mental health services, including forensic services and community mental health services. In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, after observing the alarming number of cases of coronavirus and deaths in Brazil, we aimed to discuss the potential increase in hostile behavior, violence and crime in individuals with personality disorders. A literature review was conducted on antisocial and borderline personality disorders and the possible implications on violent behavior of these personality disorders, during the Covid-19 pandemic. We reviewed Medline database articles on these topics between the years 2000 and 2020. During the pandemic it is important that these services be attentive and prepared for new demands and worsening of previously stabilized individuals of borderline personality disorder and antissocial personality disorder.(AU)

A combinação de transtornos de personalidade grave e violência representa um desafio para os serviços de saúde mental, incluindo os serviços forenses e os serviços comunitários de saúde mental. No contexto da pandemia do COVID-19, após observar o número alarmante de casos de coronavírus e mortes no Brasil, objetivamos discutir o potencial aumento do comportamento hostil, da violência e da criminalidade em indivíduos com transtornos de personalidade. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre os transtornos borderline e antisocial e as possíveis implicações no comportamento violento desses transtornos de personalidade durante a pandemia do Covid-19. Revisamos artigos da base de dados Medline sobre esses temas, entre os anos 2000 e 2020. Durante a pandemia é importante que esses serviços fiquem atentos e estejam preparados para novas demandas e agravamento de indivíduos previamente estabilizados de transtorno borderline de personalidade e transtorno de personalidade antissocial.(AU)

La combinación de trastornos graves de personalidad y violencia plantea un desafío para los servicios de salud mental, incluidos los servicios forenses y los servicios comunitarios de salud mental. En el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19, después de observar el alarmante número de casos y muertes de coronavirus en Brasil, nos propusimos discutir el posible aumento de la conducta hostil, la violencia y la delincuencia en individuos con trastornos de personalidad. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre trastornos limítrofes y antisociales y las posibles implicaciones en el comportamiento violento de estos trastornos de la personalidad durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Se revisaron artículos de la base de datos Medline sobre estos temas entre los años 2000 y 2020. Durante la pandemia es importante que estos servicios estén atentos y preparados para nuevas demandas y el empeoramiento de individuos previamente estabilizados de trastorno límite de la personalidad y trastorno antisocial de la personalidad.(AU)

Associations between countertransference reactions towards patients with borderline personality disorder and therapist experience levels and mentalization ability

Abstract Objective This exploratory study locates countertransference as a pan-theoretical concept, comprising of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors expressed or experienced by therapists toward their patients. It aims to understand the patterns of countertransference experienced in working with borderline personality disorder. Associations between countertransference reactions and therapist-related variables of experience and mentalization ability are also examined. Method Psychotherapists (n = 117) completed the Therapist Response Questionnaire to assess patterns of countertransference experienced with a representative patient diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. They also completed a measure of mentalization ability that examined self-related mentalization, other-related mentalization, and motivation to mentalize. Results The profile of responses across eight countertransference dimensions is discussed, with the most strongly endorsed reactions being positive/satisfying, parental/protective, and helpless/inadequate. More experienced therapists reported less negative countertransference reactions in select dimensions. Therapists' self-reported ability to reflect on and understand their own mental states was negatively correlated with a range of difficult countertransference experiences. There were few associations between their ability to make sense of others' mental states, the motivation to mentalize, and the strength of their countertransference reactions. Conclusion The implications for countertransference management as well as therapist training and development are highlighted.

Improvement in borderline personality disorder symptomatology after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex: preliminary results

Objective: Current treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) involves psychological and pharmacological interventions. However, neuromodulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may positively affect BPD symptomatology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and neuropsychological effects of rTMS on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) in BPD patients. Methods: Fourteen patients with BPD were randomized into two groups (active vs. sham) for 15 sessions of rTMS on the DMPFC. Clinical effects were measured using the Borderline Symptoms List (BSL), Clinical Global Impression Scale for BPD (CGI-BPD), Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time (BEST), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), and Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Neuropsychological effects were determined by a Stop-Signal Task (SST), the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST), and the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Results: Within-group comparison showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in CGI-BPD (total score and six of nine psychopathologic domains), BEST, HDRS, HARS, and IGT scores for active modality. Conclusion: The 5 Hz-DMPFC rTMS technique was well tolerated and lessened the severity of BPD symptomatology, especially abandonment, affective issues, interpersonal relationships, suicidal behavior, anger, and paranoid ideation. Cognitive improvement was seen in decision-making. Additional studies are needed to fully evaluate the effects of rTMS on BPD symptomatology. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03832777.

Correlation among perception of interparental conflict， meaning in life and suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship among the perception of interparental conflict， meaning in life and suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder. MethodsA total of 90 borderline personality disorder patients who visited the Psychiatry or Psychological Counseling Department of the Fourth People’s Hospital of Linyi from June 2017 to December 2020 were enrolled as study group. All patients met diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition， （DSM-5）. Meantime， another 90 freshmen， sophomores and juniors from a university were set as control group. All selected individuals were assessed using Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale （CPIC） and Meaning in Life Questionnaire Chinese Version （MLQ-C）， then Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale （SIOSS） was utilized in study group to evaluate the suicidal ideation. ResultsCompared with control group， study group had significantly higher total score and each dimension score of CPIC （t=-2.863~4.728， P<0.05 or 0.01） and lower total score and each dimension score of MLQ-C （t=-2.981~3.197， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The total score and each dimension score of CPIC in study group were positively correlated with the total score and each dimension score of SIOSS （r=0.513～0.972， P<0.01）， and total score and each dimension score of MLQ-C were negatively correlated with total score and each dimension score of SIOSS （r=-0.594~-0.237， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The conflict properties and threat items in CPIC and presence of meaning in MLQ-C had predictive value for suicidal ideation （P<0.05）， which accounted for 59.0% of the total variance altogether. Meaning in life played a partial mediating role between perception of interparental conflict and suicidal ideation（β=0.124， P<0.01）， accounting for 25.11% of the total effect. ConclusionPerception of interparental conflict and meaning in life are predictors of suicidal ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder， and the perception of interparental conflict may indirectly affect suicidal ideation through meaning in life.

Cocaine Cravings, Borderline Personality Disorder & Attempted Homicide

@#In the 80’s, in Spain, there was a very significant increase in the population addicted to heroin use. The behaviour patterns of use and abuse of this substance also caused many drug addicts to be linked to the associated consumption of multiple toxic substances, favouring the appearance of politoxicomania. The origin of the change of model in drug use began in mid- 1987 and in the following years, ecstasy and the so-called designer drugs began to spread throughout the festival scene in the United Kingdom, Western Europe and the Iberian Peninsul. In the 90’s, new substances were introduced into society that had little to do with heroin use, shifting the link to toxic substances to these better accepted and less questioned substances, avoiding the possible problems associated with consumption in marginal environments. The normalization of the consumption of substances of abuse began to have a greater social tolerance, breaking the stigma that led to the alarm raised by heroin consumption in the 80’s. In this sense, drugs were no longer associated with marginalization, and were seen in environments considered festive and, therefore, “normal”. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 22(5): July 2021: 1-4.

¿Trastorno de conducta o trastorno de personalidad límite? La importancia de la intervención precoz

El diagnóstico de trastorno de personalidad límite en la adolescencia suele ser un tema controvertido. A continuación se presenta un caso clínico que expone las características habituales de presentación en la adolescencia y se discute además la necesidad de tener en cuenta los factores precursores del trastorno de personalidad límite a la vez que se relaciona la presencia de determinados trastornos de conducta como futuros precursores. Se insiste en la necesidad de usar programas de intervención precoz para este tipo de pacientes con los modelos que existen actualmente.

Diagnosing borderline personality disorder during adolescence is usually controversial. In this paper we present a clinical case in which an outline of the main characteristics of borderline personality disorder during adolescence is summarised. The need of taking into consideration the precursor characteristics of borderline personality disorder in young people is also highlighted. At the same time, other significant behavioural disorders found in young people are emphasized as possible forerunners of a borderline personality disorder diagnosis. Finally, we insist upon the need to implement early intervention programmes for these patients based on current models.

O uso de métodos empíricos para formulação de caso: a contribuição do CCRT na avaliação de uma paciente borderline / The use of empirical methods for case formulation: the contribution of CCRT to the assessment of a borderline pacient

A formulação psicodinâmica é uma narrativa descritiva sobre a natureza e a etiologia dos problemas psíquicos do paciente que serve para orientar o tratamento e nortear a avaliação da mudança. Neste artigo, apresenta-se Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (Tema Central de Conflitos nos Relacionamentos; CCRT) CCRT e ilustra-se a sua aplicabilidade para sistematizar a formulação psicodinâmica de caso. Para isso, foram analisadas as três sessões iniciais de uma psicoterapia de uma paciente com transtorno de personalidade borderline. Discute-se as vantagens da aplicação do CCRT para sistematizar a formulação diagnóstica no contexto do ensino, da pesquisa e da prática clínica. Este estudo integra um projeto maior "A personalidade borderline e seu impacto nos processos de vinculação e mudança em psicoterapia psicanalítica", aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP 14/184).(AU)

The psychodynamic formulation is a descriptive narrative about the nature and etiology of the patient's psychological problems that serves to guide the treatment and guide the assessment of change. In this article, Core Conflictual Relationship Theme is presented (CCRT) CCRT and its applicability to systematize the psychodynamic formulation of the case is illustrated. For this, the initial three sessions of psychotherapy of a patient with borderline personality disorder were analyzed. The advantages of applying the CCRT to systematize the diagnostic formulation in the context of teaching, research and clinical practice are discussed. This study is part of a larger project "The borderline personality and its impact on the processes of attachment and change in psychoanalytic psychotherapy", approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP 14/184).(AU)

La formulación psicodinámica es una narración descriptiva sobre la naturaleza y etiología de los problemas psicológicos del paciente que sirve para guiar el tratamiento y guiar la evaluación del cambio. En este artículo, se presenta el tema de relación de conflicto central (CCRT) CCRT y se ilustra su aplicabilidad para sistematizar la formulación psicodinámica del caso. Para esto, se analizaron las tres sesiones iniciales de psicoterapia de un paciente con trastorno límite de la personalidad. Se discuten las ventajas de aplicar el CCRT para sistematizar la formulación diagnóstica en el contexto de la enseñanza, la investigación y la práctica clínica. Este estudio es parte de un proyecto más amplio "La personalidad límite y su impacto en los procesos de apego y cambio en la psicoterapia psicoanalítica", aprobado por el Comité de Ética de Investigación (CEP 14/184).(AU)